![]() These conditions are congenital abnormalities. Separation of S1 from the sacrum is termed “lumbarisation”, while fusion of L5 to the sacrum is termed “sacralisation”. Due to the lack of vertebral arches, there is no vertebral canal. It is recognised by its lack of vertebral arches. ![]() The coccyx is a small bone which articulates with the apex of the sacrum. On the lateral walls of the sacrum are facets for articulation with the pelvis at the sacroiliac joints. ![]() It is described as an inverted triangle, with the apex pointing inferiorly. The sacrum is a collection of five fused vertebrae. Examples include epidural anaesthesia administration and lumbar puncture. Their size and orientation permits needle access to the spinal canal and spinal cord (which would not be possible between thoracic vertebrae). Their spinous processes are shorter than those of thoracic vertebrae and do not extend inferiorly below the level of the vertebral body. However, like the cervical vertebrae, they have a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen. They lack the characteristic features of other vertebrae, with no transverse foramina, costal facets, or bifid spinous processes. Lumbar vertebrae have very large vertebral bodies, which are kidney shaped. They are structurally specialised to support the weight of the torso. There are five lumbar vertebrae in most humans, which are the largest in the vertebral column. The articular processes are located at the intersection of the laminae and pedicles.įig 6 – Lateral view of a thoracic vertebrae.
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